References

Costill DL, Dalsky GP, Fink WJ. Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 1978; 10: 155-158.

Cox GR, Desbrow B, Montgomery PG, Anderson ME, Bruce CR, Macrides TA, Martin DT, Moquin A, Roberts A, Hawley JA, Burke LM. Effect of different protocols of caffeine intake on metabolism and endurance performance. J Appl Physiol. 2002; 93(3):990-9.

Essig D, Costill DL, Van Handel RJ. Effects of caffeine ingestion on utilization of muscle glygogen and lipid during leg ergometer cycling. International Journal of Sports Med. 1980; 1:86-9.

Fisher SM, McMurray RG, Berry M, et al. Influence of caffeine on exercise performance in habitual caffeine users. International Journal of Sports Med 1986;7:276-280.

Greer F, Friars D, Graham TE; Comparison of caffeine and theophylline ingestion: exercise metabolism and endurance.J Appl Physiol 2000 Nov;89(5):1837-44 Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.

Ivy JL, Costill DL, Fink WJ, et al. Influence of caffeine and carbohydrate feedings on endurance performance Med Science Sports and Exercise. 1979; 11;6-1.

Kovacs EMR, Stegen JHCH, Brouns F. Effect of caffeinated drinks on substrate metabolism, caffeine excretion, and performance. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 709-715.

Yeo SE, Jentjens RL, Wallis GA, Jeukendrup AE. Caffeine increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Sep;99(3):844-50. Epub 2005 Apr 14.

Doherty, P. M. Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2005; 15, 69.

Doherty M, Smith P, Hughes M, Davison R. Caffeine lowers perceptual response and increases power output during high-intensity cycling. J Sports Sci. 2004 Jul;22(7):637-43. Department of Sport, Exercise and Biomedical Sciences, University of Luton, Luton LU1 3JU.

McLellan TM, Bell DG. The impact of prior coffee consumption on the subsequent ergogenic effect of anhydrous caffeine. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Dec;14(6):698-708.

Birnbaum LJ, Herbst JD. Physiologic effects of caffeine on cross-country runners. J Strength Cond Res. 2004 Aug;18(3):463-5.

Pfeiffer C, et al. Stimulant effect of 2-dimethylaminoethanol; possible precursor of brain acetylcholine. Science 126(3274):610-611, 1957. [1]

Dimpfel W, Wedekind W, Keplinger I. Efficacy of dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) containing vitamin-mineral drug combination on EEG patterns in the presence of different emotional states. European Journal Medical Research 8(5):183-191, 2003. [2]

Zahniser NR, Chou D, Hanin I. Is 2-dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) indeed a precursor of brain acetylcholine? A gas chromatographic evaluation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 200(3):545–559, 1977

Wu J et al. Effects of L-Malate on physical stamina and activities of enzymes related to the malate-aspartate shuttle in liver of mice. Physiology Res. 2006 Mar 23.

Janeira MA et al. Citrulline malate effects on the aerobic-anaerobic threshold recovery and in post-exercise blood lactate recovery. Medicine Science Sport and Exercise, 30(5), abstract. 2006.

Dawson R J et al. The cytoprotective role of taurine in exercise induced muscle injury.

Baum M, Weiss M. The influence of a taurine containing drink on cardiac parameters before and after exercise measured by echocardiography. Amino Acids. 2001; 20(1):75-82.

Manabe et al. Decreased blood levels of lactic acid and urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine after exercise by chronic taurine treatment in rats. Journal of Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2003: 49(6):375-80.

Yatabe Y, et. al. Effects of taurine administration in rat skeletal muscles on exercise. J of Orthopedic Science. 2003: 8(3):415-9.

Zhang M Et al. Roal of Taurine supplementation to prevent exercise-induced oxidative stress in healthy young men. Amino Acids. 2004: 26(2):203-7.

Matsuzaki Y et. al. Decreased taurine concentration in skeletal muscles after exercise for various durations. Medicine Science Sports Exercise. 2002; 34(5):793-7.

Exercise-Induced Alterations of Hepatic Mitochondrial Function. Tate C, Wolkowicz P, McMillin-Wood J. Exercise-induced alterations of hepatic mitochondrial function. Biochem J. 1982 Dec 15;208(3):695-701

The Role of Malate in Hormone-Induced Enhancement of Mitochondrial Respiration. Bobyleva-Guarriero V, Wehbie R, Lardy H. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (1986) Vol. 245, No. 2, March: 477-482

The Role of Malate in Exercise-Induced Enhancement of Mitochondrial Respiration. Bobyleva-Guarriero V, Lardy H. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (1986) Vol. 245, No. 2, March: 470-476

Effect of Malic Acid Salts on Physical Working Capacity and its Restoration After Exhausting Muscular Work. Dunaev V, Tishkin N, Milonova N, Belay A, Makarenko S. Farmakol Toksikol (1988) May-Jun; 51(3):21-25

Treatment of Fibromyalgia Syndrome with Super Malic: a Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Pilot Study. Russell IJ, Michalek JE, Flechas JD, Abraham GE. J Rheumatol. 1995 May;22(5):953-8

Nitric Oxide in Skeletal Muscle. Kobzik L, Reid MB, Bredt DS, Stamler JS. Nature 1994 Dec 8;372 (6506):546-8.

Evidence That Nitric Oxide Increases Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle. Balon TW, Nadler JL. J Appl Physiol. 1997 Jan;82 (1):359-363

Nitric Oxide in Skeletal Muscle: Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibits Walking Speed in Rats. Wang MX, Murrell DF, Szabo C, Warren RF, Sarris M, Murrell GA. Nitric Oxide. 2001 Jun;5(3):219-232

Role of Nitric Oxide in Contraction Induced Glucose Transport. Balon TW. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;441:87-95

Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors Reduce Sarcomere Addition in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Koh TJ, Tidball JG. J Physiol. 1999 Aug 15;519 Pt 1:189-96

Nitric Oxide, Human Diseases and the Herbal Products That Affect the Nitric Oxide Signalling Pathway. Achike FI, Kwan CY. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2—3 Sep;30 (9):605-615

Citrulline Malate Effects on the Aerobic-Anerobic Threshold and in Post-Exercise Blood Lactate Recovery. Janeira MA, Maia, JR, Santos PJ. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(5), Supplement Abstract 880.

Citrulline Malate Promotes Aerobic Energy Production in Human Exercising Muscle. Bendehan D, Mattei JP, Ghattas B, Confort-Gouny S, Le Guern ME, Cozzone PJ. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Aug;36(4):282-289

Use of Citrulline Malate (Stimol) in Patients with Autonomic Dystonia Associated with Arterial Hypotension. Oknin V, Fedotova AV, Vein AM. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1999;99(1):30-3

Citrulline Malate Limits Increase in Muscle Fatigue Induced by Bacterial Endotoxins. Goubel F, Vanhoutte C, Allaf O, Verleye M, Gilliardin JM. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1997 Mar;75(3):205-207

Effects of Citrulline Malate on Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Induced Endotoxemia in Rats. E. Verleye M, Heulard I, Stephens JR, Levy RH, Gillardin JM. Arzneimittelforschung. 1995 Jun;45(6):712-715

Use of a Microbial Model for the Determination of Drug Effects on Cell Metabolism and Energetics: Study of Citrulline Malate. Briand J, Blehaut H, Calvayrac R, Laval-Martin D. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1992 Jan;13(1):1-22

Activity of Citrulline Malate on Acid-Base Balance and Blood Ammonia and Amino Acid Levels. Study in the Animal and in Man. Callis A, Magnan de Bornier B, Serrano JJ, Bellet H, Saumade R. Arzneimittelforschung. 1991 Jun;41(6):660-663

Mumford, G. K. et al, Discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of theobromine and caffeine in humans. Psychopharmacology (1994) 115: 1-8.

IARC Monographs Volume 51 421-441

Bendahan, D., Mattei, J.P., Ghattas, B., Confort-Gouny, S., Le Guern, M.E., & Cozzone, P.J. (2002). Citrulline/malate promotes aerobic energy production in human exercising muscle. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36, 282-289

Goubel F, Vanhoutte C, Allaf O, Verleye M, Gillardin JM. (1997). Citrulline malate limits increase in muscle fatigue induced by bacterial endotoxins. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 75, 205-207